प्रस्तावना:-

बी-स्कूलों में अध्ययन होने वाले विषय:-

बी-स्कूलों में भाग लेने की वित्तीय लागत:-

बी-स्कूलों के लिए समझदारी भरा निर्णय:-

 Introduction:-

Historical background:-

1.Materials and tools requested:-

The material for making a stencil should be thin and easy to cut. The following materials may be used for this purpose:

• Cartridge sheet 
• Ivory sheet 
• Bond paper 
• Discarded photographic film nagatives 
• Discarded x - ray film 
• Plastic sheets

2. Devices for cutting stencils:-

• Paper cutter 
• Stencil cutting knife 
• Scissors
• Razor blades 
• Metal ruler ( for cutting straight lines)

3. Colours for printing with stencils:-

1. Poster colours:-

2. Acrylic colours:-

3. Fabric colours:-

4. Acramin pigment colours:-

4. Tools for applying paint:-

• Cotton pads
• Stencil brushes
• A stiff bristle brush ( with trimmed bristles)

5. Other materials:-

• A sheet of glass to act as a surface for keeping the stencil paper while it is being cut.

• Pencils 

• Thumb pins 

• Adhesive tapes 

• Clean rags 

• Old newspapers

• Drawing papers 

• Carbon paper

• Graphite paper 

• Tracing paper 

• A cleaning solvent like water, sprit etc.

6. The stencil making and printing process:-

The stencil making and printing processes proceed as follows:

1. Selection of a design:-

An appropriate design suitable for the purpose of decoration in a particular context is first selected. The design can be taken from nature or from the surroundings or it may be based on some geometric pattern, flowers, leaves, plants, birds or animals, cartoons, magazine illustrations, a piece of art or craft or one's own drawing, or alphabetical letters etc., All these are appropriate. A bold type of design is good for an efficient stencil printing output some bold types of symmetrical design are shown in good, clear alphabetical letters can also be produced easily and quickly using a standard alphabet stencil sheet.

2. Tranfer of the design:-

The next step is to transfer this design onto a stencil card using a tracing paper or a carbon paper. A stencil card can be a suitable paper or plastic material. The stencil material may be fastened on to a glass sheet or a hard cardboard. The design outline is then transferred on to the stencil material using a carbon paper.

3. Cutting out the design on the design on the stencil:-

After transferring the design on to stencil card, the next step is to cut out the stencil carefully leaving the "ties" and a thick border around the outline. Keep the stencil sheet on a hard surface, like glass or a hard board, for easy cutting. Cut the entire design through the stencil board, using a stencil cutting knife or razor blade or a paper cutter. Try to make clean sharp cuts.

4. Printing with the stencil :-

The final and the most interesting part is to use the stencil to print a fabric this is done by first securing the fabric on a rigid support ( like a table ) in a tight stretched state and then applying the colour with the help of cotton padding or stencil brush  or a painting brush or even a tooth brush. Using any of there devices, the colour is applied evenly through the openings in the stencil on to wood, plastic, glass etc.

5. Cleaning the stencil:-

Finally the stencil should be cleaned immediately before the paint left on it dries up and becomes difficult to remove. For cleaning, place the stencil on a newspaper and wipe it with a rag moistened with water. Core should be taken that small bridges on the stencil are not broken while cleaning. Brushes should be cleaned throughly In solvent and then washed with warm soapy water.

Value addition:-

After stencil printing a design on a cloth, some embroidery work on it can produce remarkable results, if done with panache for colour and creativity.

      A single stenciled motif such as a sailing ship 

      or a palm tree, for example, is easy to cut out 

      and can be stenciled onto a t - shirt or a table 

      mat , the pocket of a shirt or the front of a 

      laundry bag, along with some extra

      Ornamentation done over the print

Nowadays stencil printing techniques are being used in design houses for sampling of designs, so as to cut down the time for getting the end product of a sample.

 Q.:- What are strategies for Effective Delivery?

Ans.:- 

(a) Appropriate planning:-

(b) Practice:-

(c) Catchy beginning:-

(d) Use of body language:-

(e) Use of correct pronunciation:-

(f) Use of proper voice modulation:-

(g) Use of illustrations:-

(h) Use of wit and humor:-

(i) Emphatic ending:-

(j) Participation of audience:-

(k) Answering strategy:-

 Q.:- How to prepare for Public Speech?

Ans.:- 

(a) Planning-

(b) Writing-

(c) Delivery-

Methods of Delivery:-

(a) Memorizing-

(b) Reading out from the Manuscript-

(c) Power Point-

(d) Impromptu-

(e) Extempore-

-: Introduction:-

Design/motifs:-

Colours:-

Utility articles and material:-

Techniques:-

Sanganer became the prestigious work center for block printing with elaborate techniques:

1. Direct process 

2. Resist method

3. Discharge process

4. Rogan printing 

1. Direct process:-

2. Resist method:-

3. Discharge process:-

4. Rogan printing:-

The fabric to be block printed is washed free of starch and soft bleached the fabric to be printed is pinned over the table and printed is pinned over the table and printed block by block. The printing starts from left to right. The colour is evened out in a tray with a wedge of wood and the block dipped into the colour when the block is applied to the fabric. It, is slammed hard with the fist on the handle so, that a good impression may register.

 Q.:- What is EVM?

Ans:- 

Advantages of EVM:-

• When Chavez won in Venzuela, mathematicians challenged and found a "very subtle algorithm” that appeared to adjust vote in Chavez's favor.

Why have Countries rejected EVM ?

Conclusion:-

 What is Public Speech?

Or

Which qualities have in a good speaker?

Ans.:-

Bullet points

Speaking is an art, and a good speaker always has an edge over others. S/he is noticed and respected everywhere whether it is personal, social, or professional life. Good speaking skill helps her/him to boost self-confidence, enhance reputation, advance career objectives, and create new opportunities. It is the skill that is acquired through constant practice.

Speech is the activity of presenting one's views before others in face-to-face situation. Speech making is a creative process by which the speaker intends to influence the audience with her/his ideas. S/he tries to persuade them to agree with and follow her/his line of thought. It can be made in informal as well as formal situations.

Public speech is a component of public speaking which is the act of addressing to a group of people on a formal occasion. It is also termed as 'oratory or ‘oration. It requires planning, preparation, and perfect execution of ideas. It can be exercised to inform, persuade or entertain

the audience. It is sometimes a difficult task for some speakers to perform. It is a formal activity and requires some Preparation before it's execution. In order to make the speech effective, the speaker should keep the following points in mind:

 Q.:- What is the process of Group Discussion?

Ans.:- 

Process:-

(a) Initiation-

(b) Body-

(c) Summarization-

 Q.:- What are the requirements for group discussion?

Ans.:-

 Essential Requirements:-

 Q.:- What is Cell?

Ans.:-

INTRODUCTION:-

The cell is the smallest unit of living tissues. Cell of different tissues perform different functions. A cell is made up of the following structure:

(1.) Cell wall: it is the external boundary of the living cell. It is a three layered structure made up of lipids and proteins. It measures approximately  70 A% in thicknesses the cell wall allows the diffusion of substances in to and out of cell. 

(2.) Nucleus: IT is the largest structure present almost in the centre of a cell. It is more or less spherical in shape. It is bounded by nuclear membrane. The nucleus contains: 

(a) Nucleus  (b) Chromatin 

a) Nucleolus: It is a highly coiled filamentous structure present in the nucleus. It not surrounded by a memberane. But it contains numerous granules. Nucleolus is the site of ribosomal RNA (ribonucleic acid ) synthesis. 

b) Chromatin: These are fibrous threads present in the nucleus. They are composed of DNA ( deoxy ribonucleric acid ) and proteins. The Chromatin threads carry genetic information. At the time of cell division, Chromatin condensed in to Chromosomes. The number of Chromosomes is constant for a particular spcies of organisms. In man there are 23 pairs of  46 Chromosomes. 

(3.) Cytoplasm:-

It is region lying between the cell membrane and nucleus. The cytoplasm contains cell organelles like endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes and centrosome.

 (4.) Microsomes: They are extremely small bodies present in the cytoplasm. They can be separated by centrifuging a tissue homogenste at Very high speed ( 10000 rpm ) microsomes contains 1 ) Ribosomes 2 ) Granuler Matrix Ribosomes are concerned with proteins synthesis. Granular Matrix contains: 

• Oxidases which generate hydrogen peroxide.
• Catalase which converts hydrogen peroxide in to water.

Organelles of cytoplasm: Following are the important organelles present in the cytoplasm:

i) Endoplasmic reticulum: It is the most expensive cell organelle present in cytoplasm. It consists of two membernes which are separated by a space. Endoplasmic reticulum is of two types. They are:

a) Granular: or rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum bcontaining ribosomes. The ribosomes are the sites of proteins synthesis,

b) Agranular: or smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. This does not contain ribosomes. This type of endoplasmic reticulum is concerned with fatty acid steroid synthesis. Also, they store and release calcium. 

ii) Golgi apparatus: It is a cup shaped structure and contains vesicles. It is situated between the nucleus and the apex of the cell. It is concerned with concentration of proteins prior to secretion. 

iii) Mitochondria: They occur in the cytoplasm at variable numbers e.g. few hundreds to few thousand membranes. They are:

1. An outer layer which is smooth.

2. An inner layer folded in to sheets of tubules called cristae. 

Both these layer enclose a central cavity called Matrix.

The mitochondria are made up of proteins, phospholipid and some ribonucleic acid. They also contain some important enzyme system. The mitochondria are chiefly concerned with cellular oxidation. 

iv) Lysosomes: They are small spherical or oval bodies surrounded by a single memberane . They very in numbers and contain a variety of hydrolytic enzymes . The lysosomes breakdown bacteria and cell debris engulfed by the cell. The damaged intracellular organelle are also broken down and digested by lysosomes.

v) Centrosome: it is a small rod shaped body found near the nucleus. It plays an important role during cell division. The centrosome is surrounded by a radiating threads like structure. It contains two centrioles. 

vi) Microtubules: They are straight, hollow cylinders with a diameter of about 200 A% they are concerned with the maintenance of cell shape. They also associated with movements of cilia flagella and mitotic spindles. 

 Functions of a cell:-

They following are the important functions performed by a cell.

1.) Ingestion and assimilation: The cell ingests chemical substances like amino- acid from intercellular or interstial fluid. These substances are used to build up complicated substances like proteins.

2.) Growth and repair: The ingested and assimilated materials are used to synthesis new protoplasm. This leads to increase in size and growth of the cell. Also worn out parts of the cell are replaced by this process. 

3.) Metabolism: This involves two processes: 

i) Anabolism in which the ingested and assimilated food materials is used for growth and repair. 

ii) Catabolism in which food materials is broken down to release anegry for various functions of the cell.

4.) Respiratory: It involves transport of oxygen from lung through blood to the tissues and removal of waste products like carbondioxide. This is essential for the survival and functions of a cell.

5.) Excretion: The cell eliminates waste products resulting from Catabolism in to the interstitial fluid. These products are carried by blood for elimination though lungs and kidneys. 

6.) Irritability and contractility: The cell is active by means of these two functions. The cell responds To any stimulus ( like physical, chemical, thermal, electrical and mechanical,) by contracting. Or the impulse is conducted as that occur in a nerve cells.

7.) Reproduction: After growing To an optimum size, the cell divides in to daughter cells. Reproduction of cell occurs by mistosis or meiosis.

MITOSIS:-

This occurs in four stage namely prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. 

1.) Prophase: Intially, the centrosome divides in to two. These two new centrosome move away from each other to the two ends of the nucleus forming two poles.

2.) Metaphase: Now, the nuclear membrane disappears The Chromosomes arrange themselves around the centre of the cell. They get attacheds to thread like structure of the centrosomes which are now at the two poles of the cell.

3.) Anaphase: The Chromosomes now divide longitudinally in two equal parts. The two groups of Chromosomes move away to the poles and get arranged around the centrosomes.

4.) Telophase: The cell become narrower at the centre to facilitate division. The there'd like structure disappears. The nuclear membrane appersb again.

At the end of telophase, the cell divides. Also the Chromosomes disappears in to the nucleus. The daughter cells grow and intrur reproduce by mistosis.during mitosis each Chromosomes duplicates . The daughter cell contains forty-six Chromosomes. 

MEIOSIS:-

It is a process of reproduction which occur in higher animals including man. It involves the fusion of: 

i) spermatozon from the male ( which contains 23 Chromosomes and ii) Ovum from the female ( which also contain 23 Chromosomes). The spermatozon and Ovum are female) gametes results in the formation of a zygote which has the normal of 46 Chromosomes ( 23 pairs ) this lead to mixing of the hereditary determine nantsv or genes from the male and female. 

Determination of sex:-

One pair of Chromosomes from the father and one pair from with the mother are sex Chromosomes. These sex Chromosomes determine the sex of the child. In the female, the sex Chromosomes are the same and are called XX . In the male , they are different and are called XY. One Chromosomes from each pair determine the sex of the child.

If the child has X Chromosomes from the mother and X Chromosomes from the father, it is a female ( XX) Chromosomes from the father it is a male ( XY).

Written by:- DRX Aman

Read more:-

Anatomy- Introduction 

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 Q.:- How many characteristics in Group Discussion?

Ans.:- 

 Characteristics:- 

(A) Purposeful Activity: Every GD is organized for some specific purpose. The purpose is made clear to the participants in advance, and they plan the things accordingly. The discussion takes place to meet the purpose.

(C) Democratic Process: GD is a democratic process. Every member is free to present her/his views freely. No view is forced upon any of the members. The participant listens to the views of other members and enjoys freedom to agree or disagree with the views. However every member tries to reach onto a consensus, but sometimes The GD ends without consensus among the members. The decision is left with the audience in that case.

(D) Equitable Distribution of Participation: Each member in the GD enjoys equal rights. No one is allowed to dominate the discussion. Every member is given a fair chance to present her/his views independently. 

(G) Flexible: GD is flexible as compared to other forms of discussion. It is less formal in style and function. The rules can be modified according to the requirement. There is no restriction of time on any participant. S/he can take enough time to present her/his views.

Group Discussion -: Part-1

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